Pelajaran Shorof 2: Dhomir, Fi'il Madhi, Fi'il Mudhori'

Diantara keistimewaan bahasa arab adalah kaya akan kata-kata, misalkan pada dhomir (kata ganti). Berbeda dengan bahasa Indonesia yang hanya memiliki 7 kata ganti (dia, kamu, kalian, mereka, kami, kita, dan saya)), di dalam bahasa Arab kata gantinya ada 12. Antara kata ganti untuk dua orang dengan lebih dari dua orang dibedakan di dalam bahasa Arab, tidak terdapat pada bahasa Indonesia bahkan pada bahasa Inggris (read : Bahasa Internasional).

Di antara keistimewaan bahasa arab juga adalah singkat dan padat, misalnya, jika kita ingin mengungkapkan "dia sedang menulis", maka cukup dengan menggunakan kalimat yaktubu dan ini sekaligus menunjukkan bahwa yang sedang menulis itu adalah seorang laki-laki, adapun jika yang menulisnya itu seorang perempuan, maka kita gunakan kalimat taktubu saja. Singkat dan padat. Dan banyak lagi keunggulan bahasa arab di atas bahasa lain.
Pada pelajaran kali ini, kita akan membahas tentang tentang dhomir, fi'il madhi, fi'il mudhori'.
Berikut penjelasannya:

Dhomir = kata ganti, seperti dia, kamu, mereka, dll.
Fi'il Madhi = kata kerja lampau, bermakna telah.
Fi'il Mudhori' = kata kerja sekarang atau yang akan datang

Tabel 1 : Dhomir, Fi'il Madhi, dan Fi'il Mudhori'

Keterangan:

• Kolom paling kanan menunjukkan dhomir dalam keadaan rofa'.


• Kemudian di sebelahnya ada kolom "arti" yang merupakan arti dari masing-masing dhomir.
  
  

  
  هُوَ (huwa) = Dia (1 lk)
  
  هُمَا (huma) = Mereka (2 lk)
  
  هُمْ (hum) = Mereka (> 2 lk)
  
  هِيَ (hiya) = Dia (1 pr)
  
  dst...




• Kolom berikutnya (nomor 2 dari kanan) adalah fi'il madhi dari masing-masing dhomir.
  Karena arti kata fa'ala = melakukan, maka:
  
  

  فَعَلَ (fa'ala) = dia (1 lk) telah melakukan
  
  فَعَلاَ (fa'alaa) = mereka (2 lk) telah melakukan
  
  فَعَلوُاْ (fa'aluu) = mereka (>2 lk) telah melakukan
  
  فَعَلَتْ (fa'alat) = dia (1 pr) telah melakukan
  
  dst...





• Kolom paling kanan menunjukkan fi'il mudhori' dari masing-masing dhomir.
  
  

  ُيَفْعَلَ (yaf'alu) = dia (1 lk) sedang/akan melakukan
  
  يَفْعَلاَنِ (yaf'alaani) = mereka (2 lk) sedang/akan melakukan
  
  يَفْعَلوُنَ (yaf'aluuna) = mereka (>2 lk) sedang/akan melakukan
  
  تَفَعَلُ (taf'alu) = dia (1 pr) sedang/akan melakukan
  
  dst...

Hafalkan tabel 1 di atas secara berurutan (dari atas ke bawah) berserta artinya, tentunya dengan cara Anda sendiri


Ada beberapa catatan yang perlu disampaikan:

Catatan 1:

Fi'il madhi memiliki banyak pola (wazan), diantaranya adalah fi'il tsulasi mujarrod (fi'il yang tersusun dari tiga huruf).
Fi'il madhi tsulasi mujarrod ini memiliki 6 macam pola, yaitu:

• Fa'ala - yaf'alu (seperti pada contoh di atas)
• Fa'ala - yaf'ulu
• Fa'ala - yaf'ilu
• Fa'ila - yaf'alu
• Fa'ila - yaf'ilu
• Fa'ula - yaf'ulu

Perhatikan bahwa fi'il madhi yang berpola fa'ala memiliki tiga kemungkinan fi'il mudhori' (yaitu yaf'alu, yaf'ulu, dan yaf'ilu). Fi'il madhi yang berpola fa'ila memiliki dua kemungkinan fi'il mudhori' (yaitu yaf'alu dan yaf'ilu).

Sementara fi'il madhi yang berpola fa'ula hanya memiliki satu kemungkinan fi'il mudhori' (yaitu yaf'ulu).

Misalkan kata "kataba" كَتَبَ yang berpola fa'ala, ada 3 kemungkinan fi'il mudhori', yaitu yaktabu, yaktubu, atau yaktibu. Mana yang benar?
Jawabannya: yaktubu.

Sementara kata "fataha" فَـتَحَ fi'il mudhori'nya yaftahu. Kenapa tidak yaftuhu? Padahal sama-sama berpola fa'ala seperti kata "kataba". Jawabanya: karena di kamus seperti itu.

Adapun kata "hasuna" حَسُنََ fi'il mudhori'nya pasti yahsunu, karena pola fa'ula hanya memiliki satu kemungkinan, yaitu yaf'ulu.

Catatan 2

Selain fi'il tsulasi mujarrod, ada lagi fi'il tsulasi maziid, yaitu pola fa''ala, faa'ala, af'ala, ifta'ala, infa'la, tafaa'ala, tafa''ala, if'alla, istaf'ala, if'au'ala, if'awwala, dan if'aalla.

Ada juga fi'il ruba'i mujarrod, yaitu fa'lala, dan terakhir fi'il ruba'i mazid, yaitu tafa'lala, if'anlala, dan if'allala.

Masing-masing memiliki pola fi'il mudhori' tersendiri. Pada pelajaran shorof 2 ini, kita batasi pembahasan fi'il hanya fi'il tsulatsi mujarrod saja.

Catatan 3 (penting!)

Tabel di atas itu adalah contoh dari fi'il tsulatsi mujarrod yang berpola fa'ala - yaf'alu. Jika pola fi'ilnya fa'ila - yaf'alu, maka tinggal mengganti harokat tengahnya, misalnya kata سَمِعَ - يَسْمَعُ (sami'a - yasma'u) = mendengar,
cara mentasrif fi'il madhinya:

سَمِعَ (sami'a) = dia (1 lk) telah mendengar

سَمِعاَ (sami'aa) = mereka (2 lk) telah mendengar

سَمِعُوا (sami'uu) = mereka (> 2 lk) telah mendengar

سَمِعَتْ (sami'at) = dia (1 pr) telah mendengar

سَمِعَـتَا (sami'ataa) = mereka (2 pr) telah mendengar

سَمِعْنَ (sami'na) = mereka (> 2 pr) telah mendengar

سَمِعْتَ (sami'ta) = kamu (1 lk) telah mendengar

سَمِعْـتُـمَا (sami'tumaa) = kalian (2 lk) telah mendengar

سَمِعْـتُـمْ (sami'tum) = kalian (> 2 lk) telah mendengar

سَمِـعْـتِ (sami'ati) = kamu (1 pr) telah mendengar

سَمِـعْـتُـمَا (sami'tumaa) = kalian (2 pr) telah mendengar

سَمِعْــتُـنَّ (sami'tunna) = kalian (> 2 pr) telah mendengar

سَمِعْـتُ (sami'tu) = saya telah mendengar

سَمِـعْناَ (sami'naa) = kami/kita telah mendengar

cara mentasrif fi'il mudhori'nya:

يَسْمَعُ (yasma'u) = dia (1 lk) sedang/akan mendengar

يَسْمَعَانِ (yasma'aani) = mereka (2 lk) sedang/akan mendengar

يَسْمَعُونَ (yasma'uuna) = mereka (>2 lk) sedang/akan mendengar

تَسْمَعُ (tasma'u) = dia (1 pr) sedang/akan mendengar

تَسْمَعانِ (tasma'aani) = mereka (2 pr) sedang/akan mendengar

يَسْمَعْنَ (yasma'na) = mereka (> 2 pr) sedang/akan mendengar

تَسْمَعُ (tasma'u) = kamu (1 lk) sedang/akan mendengar

تَسْمَعَانِ (tasma'aani) = kalian (2 lk) sedang/akan mendengar

تَسْمَعُونَ (tasma'uuna) = kalian (> 2 lk) sedang/akan mendengar

تَسْمَعِينَ (tasma'iina) = kamu (1 pr) sedang/akan mendengar

تَسْمَعانِ (tasma'aani) = kalian (2 pr) sedang/akan mendengar

تَسْمَعْنَ (tasma'na) = kalian (> 2 pr) sedang/akan mendengar

أسْمَعُ (asma'u) = saya sedang/akan mendengar

نَسْمَعُ (nasma'u) = kami/kita sedang/akan mendengar

Tabel 2 di bawah ini merupakan contoh-contoh fi'il madhi dengan mudhori'nya yang berpola fa’ula – yaf’ulu, fa’ila – yaf’alu, fa’ala – yaf’ulu, fa’ala – yaf’alu
 

Tabel 2: Kosakata

Coba Anda tasrif salah satu kata di dalam tabel tersebut (baik fi'il madhi atau mudhori'nya). Selamat mencoba.

(selesai)

sumber asli: http://www.facebook.com/notes/belajar-bahasa-arab/pelajaran-shorof-2-dhomir-fiil-madhi-fiil-mudhori/162414375985

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USING ARABIC IN THE HOME

The Prophet, sallallaahu alayhe wasallam said, "Whoever pursues a path to seek knowledge therein, Allah will thereby make easy for him a path to paradise." (Muslim)

The importance of teaching Arabic to our children at an early age cannot be over emphasized. Arabic is the language in which both the Qur'an and Sunnah are conveyed to the believers. In addition, one needs to know Arabic in order to perform salah and make Hajj. Arabic also serves as a medium of communication between Muslims. Allah, subhanahu wa ta'ala, through his infinite wisdom has given children the unique ability to learn second and third languages easier than adults have. Therefore, it is important for parents to take advantage of this "critical period" to teach and speak Arabic within the home to their children.

When referring to native or first language learning, researchers are referring to children who learn language(s) before the age of three. After the age of three, the new language is considered to be a second language. Bilingualism refers to the concept of a child learning two languages through exposure from a primary caregiver from birth. Usually these follow one of two patterns. The first pattern is "one-person, one-language" situation where one of the parents speaks only one language and the other parent another language. The other pattern is when both parents speak both languages to the child simultaneously. This leaves the question - which style is better for the child? Research suggests that the one person-one language style helps the child separate and learn the two languages. This is especially true if Arabic is not the native language of one of the parents. However, consistency is the key. Another situation is when neither of the parents are native Arabic speakers. Can Arabic be used as the primary language in the home and the children speak Arabic as their first language? According to Umm Sulaiman, the answer is "yes." Both Umm Sulaiman and her husband are native English speakers who have never lived outside of The United States. Yet, their seven children speak only Arabic within the home. In order to accomplish this impressive goal, Umm Sulaiman has offered several suggestions for parents.

1. The most important point is to learn Arabic yourself.
For Umm Sulaiman, a commercial course with audio tapes was essential. For others, computer programs that teach Arabic also accomplish the same goal. The main key is to stay one step ahead of your children and use your new knowledge constantly in the home. For example, once Umm Sulaiman knew that one of her children knew a particular term or word in Arabic, she no longer responded to it in English for that child.

2. Another important aspect of Arabic learning is to immerse your family in Arabic
Purchase and use videos, computer programs, and children's books in Arabic. Arrange play dates for your children with other children who speak Arabic. Play the Qur'an constantly in your home. Umm Sulaiman suggests "drown them in the sound." Not only is this a very practical suggestion, but language learning research suggests total immersion as the best method of second language learning.

3. Teach your child Qur'an simultaneously with Arabic.
Children have a unique ability to memorize Surahs. Umm Sulaiman discovered for her children "the sound of tajweed, the ability to know the Makhraj or pronunciation of each sound when learned correctly will also make the sound of Arabic just flow from their mouths." Furthermore, memorizing Surahs with your child reinforces this act of ibadat throughout your child's life. Allah's messenger, sallallaahu alayhe wa sallam, said, "If anyone recites the Qur'an, learns by it, declares what is lawful in it to be lawful and what is unlawful in it to be unlawful. Allah will bring him into paradise and make him the intercessor for ten of his family whom have deserved Hell." (Tirmithi)

4. Lastly, relax and enjoy Arabic learning.
Usually adults have a fear of making mistakes in second language learning. This can limit one's opportunities to practice the language and learn new words and phrases. Furthermore, children may pick up on this fear of making mistakes and they themselves will start using their native language in stressful situations. Adopt the motto: "If you are not making mistakes you are not learning."

Maysoon Zaza

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